#include <tgmath.h>
The <tgmath.h> header shall include the headers <math.h> and <complex.h> and shall define several type-generic macros.
Of the functions contained within the <math.h> and <complex.h> headers without an f (float) or l (long double) suffix, several have one or more parameters whose corresponding real type is double. For each such function, except modf(), j0(), j1(), jn(), y0(), y1(), and yn(), there shall be a corresponding type-generic macro. The parameters whose corresponding real type is double in the function synopsis are generic parameters. Use of the macro invokes a function whose corresponding real type and type domain are determined by the arguments for the generic parameters.
Use of the macro invokes a function whose generic parameters have the corresponding real type determined as follows:
For each unsuffixed function in the <math.h> header for which there is a function in the <complex.h> header with the same name except for a c prefix, the corresponding type-generic macro (for both functions) has the same name as the function in the <math.h> header. The corresponding type-generic macro for fabs() and cabs() is fabs().
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If at least one argument for a generic parameter is complex, then use of the macro invokes a complex function; otherwise, use of the macro invokes a real function.
For each unsuffixed function in the <math.h> header without a c-prefixed counterpart in the <complex.h> header, except for modf(), j0(), j1(), jn(), y0(), y1(), and yn(), the corresponding type-generic macro has the same name as the function. These type-generic macros are:
atan2() cbrt() ceil() copysign() erf() erfc() exp2() expm1() fdim() floor() | fma() fmax() fmin() fmod() frexp() hypot() ilogb() ldexp() lgamma() llrint() | llround() log10() log1p() log2() logb() lrint() lround() nearbyint() nextafter() nexttoward() |
remainder()
remquo()
rint()
round()
scalbln()
scalbn()
tgamma()
trunc()
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If all arguments for generic parameters are real, then use of the macro invokes a real function; otherwise, use of the macro results in undefined behavior.
For each unsuffixed function in the <complex.h> header that is not a c-prefixed counterpart to a function in the <math.h> header, the corresponding type-generic macro has the same name as the function. These type-generic macros are:
Use of the macro with any real or complex argument invokes a complex function.
The following sections are informative.
#include <tgmath.h> int n; float f; double d; long double ld; float complex fc; double complex dc; long double complex ldc;
functions invoked by use of type-generic macros are shown in the following table:
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The only arguments that affect the type resolution are the arguments corresponding to the parameters that have type double in the synopsis. Hence the type of a type-generic call to nexttoward(), whose second parameter is long double in the synopsis, is determined solely by the type of the first argument.
The term ``type-generic'' was chosen over the proposed alternatives of intrinsic and overloading. The term is more specific than intrinsic, which already is widely used with a more general meaning, and reflects a closer match to Fortran's generic functions than to C++ overloading.
The macros are placed in their own header in order not to silently break old programs that include the <math.h> header; for example, with:
printf ("%e", sin(x))
modf(double, double *) is excluded because no way was seen to make it safe without complicating the type resolution.
The implementation might, as an extension, endow appropriate ones of the macros that POSIX.1-2008 specifies only for real arguments with the ability to invoke the complex functions.
POSIX.1-2008 does not prescribe any particular implementation mechanism for generic macros. It could be implemented simply with built-in macros. The generic macro for sqrt(), for example, could be implemented with:
#undef sqrt #define sqrt(x) __BUILTIN_GENERIC_sqrt(x)
Generic macros are designed for a useful level of consistency with C++ overloaded math functions.
The great majority of existing C programs are expected to be unaffected when the <tgmath.h> header is included instead of the <math.h> or <complex.h> headers. Generic macros are similar to the ISO/IEC 9899:1999 standard library masking macros, though the semantic types of return values differ.
The ability to overload on integer as well as floating types would have been useful for some functions; for example, copysign(). Overloading with different numbers of arguments would have allowed reusing names; for example, remainder() for remquo(). However, these facilities would have complicated the specification; and their natural consistent use, such as for a floating abs() or a two-argument atan(), would have introduced further inconsistencies with the ISO/IEC 9899:1999 standard for insufficient benefit.
The ISO C standard in no way limits the implementation's options for efficiency, including inlining library functions.
The System Interfaces volume of POSIX.1-2017, cabs(), fabs(), modf()
Any typographical or formatting errors that appear in this page are most likely to have been introduced during the conversion of the source files to man page format. To report such errors, see https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/reporting_bugs.html .