#include <sys/types.h> #include <sys/shm.h> void *shmat(int shmid, const void *shmaddr, int shmflg); int shmdt(const void *shmaddr);
In addition to SHM_RND, the following flags may be specified in the shmflg bit-mask argument:
The brk(2) value of the calling process is not altered by the attach. The segment will automatically be detached at process exit. The same segment may be attached as a read and as a read-write one, and more than once, in the process's address space.
A successful shmat() call updates the members of the shmid_ds structure (see shmctl(2)) associated with the shared memory segment as follows:
On a successful shmdt() call, the system updates the members of the shmid_ds structure associated with the shared memory segment as follows:
On success, shmdt() returns 0; on error -1 is returned, and errno is set to indicate the cause of the error.
When shmdt() fails, errno is set as follows:
In SVID 3 (or perhaps earlier), the type of the shmaddr argument was changed from char * into const void *, and the returned type of shmat() from char * into void *.
After an execve(2), all attached shared memory segments are detached from the process.
Upon _exit(2), all attached shared memory segments are detached from the process.
Using shmat() with shmaddr equal to NULL is the preferred, portable way of attaching a shared memory segment. Be aware that the shared memory segment attached in this way may be attached at different addresses in different processes. Therefore, any pointers maintained within the shared memory must be made relative (typically to the starting address of the segment), rather than absolute.
On Linux, it is possible to attach a shared memory segment even if it is already marked to be deleted. However, POSIX.1 does not specify this behavior and many other implementations do not support it.
The following system parameter affects shmat():
The implementation places no intrinsic per-process limit on the number of shared memory segments (SHMSEG).
In one terminal window, we run the "reader" program, which creates a System V shared memory segment and a System V semaphore set. The program prints out the IDs of the created objects, and then waits for the semaphore to change value.
$ ./svshm_string_read shmid = 1114194; semid = 15
In another terminal window, we run the "writer" program. The "writer" program takes three command-line arguments: the IDs of the shared memory segment and semaphore set created by the "reader", and a string. It attaches the existing shared memory segment, copies the string to the shared memory, and modifies the semaphore value.
$ ./svshm_string_write 1114194 15 'Hello, world'
Returning to the terminal where the "reader" is running, we see that the program has ceased waiting on the semaphore and has printed the string that was copied into the shared memory segment by the writer:
#include <sys/types.h> #include <sys/ipc.h> #include <sys/shm.h> #include <sys/sem.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h>
#define errExit(msg) do { perror(msg); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); \
} while (0)
union semun { /* Used in calls to semctl() */
int val;
struct semid_ds * buf;
unsigned short * array;
#if defined(__linux__)
struct seminfo * __buf;
#endif
};
/* svshm_string_read.c
Licensed under GNU General Public License v2 or later.
*/
#include "svshm_string.h"
int
main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
int semid, shmid;
union semun arg, dummy;
struct sembuf sop;
char *addr;
/* Create shared memory and semaphore set containing one
semaphore */
shmid = shmget(IPC_PRIVATE, MEM_SIZE, IPC_CREAT | 0600);
if (shmid == -1)
errExit("shmget");
semid = semget(IPC_PRIVATE, 1, IPC_CREAT | 0600);
if (shmid == -1)
errExit("shmget");
/* Attach shared memory into our address space */
addr = shmat(shmid, NULL, SHM_RDONLY);
if (addr == (void *) -1)
errExit("shmat");
/* Initialize semaphore 0 in set with value 1 */
arg.val = 1;
if (semctl(semid, 0, SETVAL, arg) == -1)
errExit("semctl");
printf("shmid = %d; semid = %d\n", shmid, semid);
/* Wait for semaphore value to become 0 */
sop.sem_num = 0;
sop.sem_op = 0;
sop.sem_flg = 0;
if (semop(semid, &sop, 1) == -1)
errExit("semop");
/* Print the string from shared memory */
printf("%s\n", addr);
/* Remove shared memory and semaphore set */
if (shmctl(shmid, IPC_RMID, NULL) == -1)
errExit("shmctl");
if (semctl(semid, 0, IPC_RMID, dummy) == -1)
errExit("semctl");
/* svshm_string_write.c
Licensed under GNU General Public License v2 or later.
*/
#include "svshm_string.h"
int
main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
int semid, shmid;
struct sembuf sop;
char *addr;
size_t len;
if (argc != 4) {
fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s shmid semid string\n", argv[0]);
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
len = strlen(argv[3]) + 1; /* +1 to include trailing '\0' */
if (len > MEM_SIZE) {
fprintf(stderr, "String is too big!\n");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
/* Get object IDs from command-line */
shmid = atoi(argv[1]);
semid = atoi(argv[2]);
/* Attach shared memory into our address space and copy string
(including trailing null byte) into memory. */
addr = shmat(shmid, NULL, 0);
if (addr == (void *) -1)
errExit("shmat");
memcpy(addr, argv[3], len);
/* Decrement semaphore to 0 */
sop.sem_num = 0;
sop.sem_op = -1;
sop.sem_flg = 0;
if (semop(semid, &sop, 1) == -1)
errExit("semop");