I18N::LangTags::List

Section: Perl Programmers Reference Guide (3perl)
Updated: 2019-04-20
Page Index

NAME

I18N::LangTags::List -- tags and names for human languages

SYNOPSIS

  use I18N::LangTags::List;
  print "Parlez-vous... ", join(', ',
      I18N::LangTags::List::name('elx') || 'unknown_language',
      I18N::LangTags::List::name('ar-Kw') || 'unknown_language',
      I18N::LangTags::List::name('en') || 'unknown_language',
      I18N::LangTags::List::name('en-CA') || 'unknown_language',
    ), "?\n";

prints:

  Parlez-vous... Elamite, Kuwait Arabic, English, Canadian English?

DESCRIPTION

This module provides a function "I18N::LangTags::List::name( langtag ) " that takes a language tag (see I18N::LangTags) and returns the best attempt at an English name for it, or undef if it can't make sense of the tag.

The function I18N::LangTags::List::name(...) is not exported.

This module also provides a function "I18N::LangTags::List::is_decent( langtag )" that returns true iff the language tag is syntactically valid and is for general use (like ``fr'' or ``fr-ca'', below). That is, it returns false for tags that are syntactically invalid and for tags, like ``aus'', that are listed in brackets below. This function is not exported.

The map of tags-to-names that it uses is accessible as %I18N::LangTags::List::Name, and it's the same as the list that follows in this documentation, which should be useful to you even if you don't use this module.

ABOUT LANGUAGE TAGS

Internet language tags, as defined in RFC 3066, are a formalism for denoting human languages. The two-letter ISO 639-1 language codes are well known (as ``en'' for English), as are their forms when qualified by a country code (``en-US''). Less well-known are the arbitrary-length non-ISO codes (like ``i-mingo''), and the recently (in 2001) introduced three-letter ISO-639-2 codes.

Remember these important facts:

•: Language tags are not locale IDs. A locale ID is written with a ``_'' instead of a ``-'', (almost?) always matches "m/^\w\w_\w\w\b/", and means something different than a language tag. A language tag denotes a language. A locale ID denotes a language as used in a particular place, in combination with non-linguistic location-specific information such as what currency is used there. Locales also often denote character set information, as in ``en_US.ISO8859-1''.
•: Language tags are not for computer languages.
•: ``Dialect'' is not a useful term, since there is no objective criterion for establishing when two language-forms are dialects of eachother, or are separate languages.
•: Language tags are not case-sensitive. en-US, en-us, En-Us, etc., are all the same tag, and denote the same language.
•: Not every language tag really refers to a single language. Some language tags refer to conditions: i-default (system-message text in English plus maybe other languages), und (undetermined language). Others (notably lots of the three-letter codes) are bibliographic tags that classify whole groups of languages, as with cus ``Cushitic (Other)'' (i.e., a language that has been classed as Cushtic, but which has no more specific code) or the even less linguistically coherent sai for ``South American Indian (Other)''. Though useful in bibliography, SUCH TAGS ARE NOT FOR GENERAL USE. For further guidance, email me.
•: Language tags are not country codes. In fact, they are often distinct codes, as with language tag ja for Japanese, and ISO 3166 country code ".jp" for Japan.

LIST OF LANGUAGES

The first part of each item is the language tag, between {...}. It is followed by an English name for the language or language-group. Language tags that I judge to be not for general use, are bracketed.

This list is in alphabetical order by English name of the language.

{ab} : Abkhazian: eq Abkhaz
{ace} : Achinese
{ach} : Acoli
{ada} : Adangme
{ady} : Adyghe: eq Adygei
{aa} : Afar
{afh} : Afrihili: (Artificial)
{af} : Afrikaans
[{afa} : Afro-Asiatic (Other)]
{ak} : Akan: (Formerly ``aka''.)
{akk} : Akkadian: (Historical)
{sq} : Albanian
{ale} : Aleut
[{alg} : Algonquian languages]: NOT Algonquin!
[{tut} : Altaic (Other)]
{am} : Amharic: NOT Aramaic!
{i-ami} : Ami: eq Amis. eq 'Amis. eq Pangca.
[{apa} : Apache languages]
{ar} : Arabic: Many forms are mutually un-intelligible in spoken media. Notable forms: {ar-ae} UAE Arabic; {ar-bh} Bahrain Arabic; {ar-dz} Algerian Arabic; {ar-eg} Egyptian Arabic; {ar-iq} Iraqi Arabic; {ar-jo} Jordanian Arabic; {ar-kw} Kuwait Arabic; {ar-lb} Lebanese Arabic; {ar-ly} Libyan Arabic; {ar-ma} Moroccan Arabic; {ar-om} Omani Arabic; {ar-qa} Qatari Arabic; {ar-sa} Sauda Arabic; {ar-sy} Syrian Arabic; {ar-tn} Tunisian Arabic; {ar-ye} Yemen Arabic.
{arc} : Aramaic: NOT Amharic! NOT Samaritan Aramaic!
{arp} : Arapaho
{arn} : Araucanian
{arw} : Arawak
{hy} : Armenian
{an} : Aragonese
[{art} : Artificial (Other)]
{ast} : Asturian: eq Bable.
{as} : Assamese
[{ath} : Athapascan languages]: eq Athabaskan. eq Athapaskan. eq Athabascan.
[{aus} : Australian languages]
[{map} : Austronesian (Other)]
{av} : Avaric: (Formerly ``ava''.)
{ae} : Avestan: eq Zend
{awa} : Awadhi
{ay} : Aymara
{az} : Azerbaijani: eq Azeri
Notable forms: {az-Arab} Azerbaijani in Arabic script; {az-Cyrl} Azerbaijani in Cyrillic script; {az-Latn} Azerbaijani in Latin script.
{ban} : Balinese
[{bat} : Baltic (Other)]
{bal} : Baluchi
{bm} : Bambara: (Formerly ``bam''.)
[{bai} : Bamileke languages]
{bad} : Banda
[{bnt} : Bantu (Other)]
{bas} : Basa
{ba} : Bashkir
{eu} : Basque
{btk} : Batak (Indonesia)
{bej} : Beja
{be} : Belarusian: eq Belarussian. eq Byelarussian. eq Belorussian. eq Byelorussian. eq White Russian. eq White Ruthenian. NOT Ruthenian!
{bem} : Bemba
{bn} : Bengali: eq Bangla.
[{ber} : Berber (Other)]
{bho} : Bhojpuri
{bh} : Bihari
{bik} : Bikol
{bin} : Bini
{bi} : Bislama: eq Bichelamar.
{bs} : Bosnian
{bra} : Braj
{br} : Breton
{bug} : Buginese
{bg} : Bulgarian
{i-bnn} : Bunun
{bua} : Buriat
{my} : Burmese
{cad} : Caddo
{car} : Carib
{ca} : Catalan: eq Catalan. eq Catalonian.
[{cau} : Caucasian (Other)]
{ceb} : Cebuano
[{cel} : Celtic (Other)]: Notable forms: {cel-gaulish} Gaulish (Historical)
[{cai} : Central American Indian (Other)]
{chg} : Chagatai: (Historical?)
[{cmc} : Chamic languages]
{ch} : Chamorro
{ce} : Chechen
{chr} : Cherokee: eq Tsalagi
{chy} : Cheyenne
{chb} : Chibcha: (Historical) NOT Chibchan (which is a language family).
{ny} : Chichewa: eq Nyanja. eq Chinyanja.
{zh} : Chinese: Many forms are mutually un-intelligible in spoken media. Notable forms: {zh-Hans} Chinese, in simplified script; {zh-Hant} Chinese, in traditional script; {zh-tw} Taiwan Chinese; {zh-cn} PRC Chinese; {zh-sg} Singapore Chinese; {zh-mo} Macau Chinese; {zh-hk} Hong Kong Chinese; {zh-guoyu} Mandarin [Putonghua/Guoyu]; {zh-hakka} Hakka [formerly ``i-hakka'']; {zh-min} Hokkien; {zh-min-nan} Southern Hokkien; {zh-wuu} Shanghaiese; {zh-xiang} Hunanese; {zh-gan} Gan; {zh-yue} Cantonese.
{chn} : Chinook Jargon: eq Chinook Wawa.
{chp} : Chipewyan
{cho} : Choctaw
{cu} : Church Slavic: eq Old Church Slavonic.
{chk} : Chuukese: eq Trukese. eq Chuuk. eq Truk. eq Ruk.
{cv} : Chuvash
{cop} : Coptic
{kw} : Cornish
{co} : Corsican: eq Corse.
{cr} : Cree: NOT Creek! (Formerly ``cre''.)
{mus} : Creek: NOT Cree!
[{cpe} : English-based Creoles and pidgins (Other)]
[{cpf} : French-based Creoles and pidgins (Other)]
[{cpp} : Portuguese-based Creoles and pidgins (Other)]
[{crp} : Creoles and pidgins (Other)]
{hr} : Croatian: eq Croat.
[{cus} : Cushitic (Other)]
{cs} : Czech
{dak} : Dakota: eq Nakota. eq Latoka.
{da} : Danish
{dar} : Dargwa
{day} : Dayak
{i-default} : Default (Fallthru) Language: Defined in RFC 2277, this is for tagging text (which must include English text, and might/should include text in other appropriate languages) that is emitted in a context where language-negotiation wasn't possible --- in SMTP mail failure messages, for example.
{del} : Delaware
{din} : Dinka
{dv} : Divehi: eq Maldivian. (Formerly ``div''.)
{doi} : Dogri: NOT Dogrib!
{dgr} : Dogrib: NOT Dogri!
[{dra} : Dravidian (Other)]
{dua} : Duala
{nl} : Dutch: eq Netherlander. Notable forms: {nl-nl} Netherlands Dutch; {nl-be} Belgian Dutch.
{dum} : Middle Dutch (ca.1050-1350): (Historical)
{dyu} : Dyula
{dz} : Dzongkha
{efi} : Efik
{egy} : Ancient Egyptian: (Historical)
{eka} : Ekajuk
{elx} : Elamite: (Historical)
{en} : English: Notable forms: {en-au} Australian English; {en-bz} Belize English; {en-ca} Canadian English; {en-gb} UK English; {en-ie} Irish English; {en-jm} Jamaican English; {en-nz} New Zealand English; {en-ph} Philippine English; {en-tt} Trinidad English; {en-us} US English; {en-za} South African English; {en-zw} Zimbabwe English.
{enm} : Old English (1100-1500): (Historical)
{ang} : Old English (ca.450-1100): eq Anglo-Saxon. (Historical)
{i-enochian} : Enochian (Artificial)
{myv} : Erzya
{eo} : Esperanto: (Artificial)
{et} : Estonian
{ee} : Ewe: (Formerly ``ewe''.)
{ewo} : Ewondo
{fan} : Fang
{fat} : Fanti
{fo} : Faroese
{fj} : Fijian
{fi} : Finnish
[{fiu} : Finno-Ugrian (Other)]: eq Finno-Ugric. NOT Ugaritic!
{fon} : Fon
{fr} : French: Notable forms: {fr-fr} France French; {fr-be} Belgian French; {fr-ca} Canadian French; {fr-ch} Swiss French; {fr-lu} Luxembourg French; {fr-mc} Monaco French.
{frm} : Middle French (ca.1400-1600): (Historical)
{fro} : Old French (842-ca.1400): (Historical)
{fy} : Frisian
{fur} : Friulian
{ff} : Fulah: (Formerly ``ful''.)
{gaa} : Ga
{gd} : Scots Gaelic: NOT Scots!
{gl} : Gallegan: eq Galician
{lg} : Ganda: (Formerly ``lug''.)
{gay} : Gayo
{gba} : Gbaya
{gez} : Geez: eq Ge'ez
{ka} : Georgian
{de} : German: Notable forms: {de-at} Austrian German; {de-be} Belgian German; {de-ch} Swiss German; {de-de} Germany German; {de-li} Liechtenstein German; {de-lu} Luxembourg German.
{gmh} : Middle High German (ca.1050-1500): (Historical)
{goh} : Old High German (ca.750-1050): (Historical)
[{gem} : Germanic (Other)]
{gil} : Gilbertese
{gon} : Gondi
{gor} : Gorontalo
{got} : Gothic: (Historical)
{grb} : Grebo
{grc} : Ancient Greek: (Historical) (Until 15th century or so.)
{el} : Modern Greek: (Since 15th century or so.)
{gn} : Guarani: Guarani
{gu} : Gujarati
{gwi} : Gwich'in: eq Gwichin
{hai} : Haida
{ht} : Haitian: eq Haitian Creole
{ha} : Hausa
{haw} : Hawaiian: Hawai'ian
{he} : Hebrew: (Formerly ``iw''.)
{hz} : Herero
{hil} : Hiligaynon
{him} : Himachali
{hi} : Hindi
{ho} : Hiri Motu
{hit} : Hittite: (Historical)
{hmn} : Hmong
{hu} : Hungarian
{hup} : Hupa
{iba} : Iban
{is} : Icelandic
{io} : Ido: (Artificial)
{ig} : Igbo: (Formerly ``ibo''.)
{ijo} : Ijo
{ilo} : Iloko
[{inc} : Indic (Other)]
[{ine} : Indo-European (Other)]
{id} : Indonesian: (Formerly ``in''.)
{inh} : Ingush
{ia} : Interlingua (International Auxiliary Language Association): (Artificial) NOT Interlingue!
{ie} : Interlingue: (Artificial) NOT Interlingua!
{iu} : Inuktitut: A subform of ``Eskimo''.
{ik} : Inupiaq: A subform of ``Eskimo''.
[{ira} : Iranian (Other)]
{ga} : Irish
{mga} : Middle Irish (900-1200): (Historical)
{sga} : Old Irish (to 900): (Historical)
[{iro} : Iroquoian languages]
{it} : Italian: Notable forms: {it-it} Italy Italian; {it-ch} Swiss Italian.
{ja} : Japanese: (NOT ``jp''!)
{jv} : Javanese: (Formerly ``jw'' because of a typo.)
{jrb} : Judeo-Arabic
{jpr} : Judeo-Persian
{kbd} : Kabardian
{kab} : Kabyle
{kac} : Kachin
{kl} : Kalaallisut: eq Greenlandic ``Eskimo''
{xal} : Kalmyk
{kam} : Kamba
{kn} : Kannada: eq Kanarese. NOT Canadian!
{kr} : Kanuri: (Formerly ``kau''.)
{krc} : Karachay-Balkar
{kaa} : Kara-Kalpak
{kar} : Karen
{ks} : Kashmiri
{csb} : Kashubian: eq Kashub
{kaw} : Kawi
{kk} : Kazakh
{kha} : Khasi
{km} : Khmer: eq Cambodian. eq Kampuchean.
[{khi} : Khoisan (Other)]
{kho} : Khotanese
{ki} : Kikuyu: eq Gikuyu.
{kmb} : Kimbundu
{rw} : Kinyarwanda
{ky} : Kirghiz
{i-klingon} : Klingon
{kv} : Komi
{kg} : Kongo: (Formerly ``kon''.)
{kok} : Konkani
{ko} : Korean
{kos} : Kosraean
{kpe} : Kpelle
{kro} : Kru
{kj} : Kuanyama
{kum} : Kumyk
{ku} : Kurdish
{kru} : Kurukh
{kut} : Kutenai
{lad} : Ladino: eq Judeo-Spanish. NOT Ladin (a minority language in Italy).
{lah} : Lahnda: NOT Lamba!
{lam} : Lamba: NOT Lahnda!
{lo} : Lao: eq Laotian.
{la} : Latin: (Historical) NOT Ladin! NOT Ladino!
{lv} : Latvian: eq Lettish.
{lb} : Letzeburgesch: eq Luxemburgian, eq Luxemburger. (Formerly ``i-lux''.)
{lez} : Lezghian
{li} : Limburgish: eq Limburger, eq Limburgan. NOT Letzeburgesch!
{ln} : Lingala
{lt} : Lithuanian
{nds} : Low German: eq Low Saxon. eq Low German. eq Low Saxon.
{art-lojban} : Lojban (Artificial)
{loz} : Lozi
{lu} : Luba-Katanga: (Formerly ``lub''.)
{lua} : Luba-Lulua
{lui} : Luiseno: eq Luisen~o.
{lun} : Lunda
{luo} : Luo (Kenya and Tanzania)
{lus} : Lushai
{mk} : Macedonian: eq the modern Slavic language spoken in what was Yugoslavia. NOT the form of Greek spoken in Greek Macedonia!
{mad} : Madurese
{mag} : Magahi
{mai} : Maithili
{mak} : Makasar
{mg} : Malagasy
{ms} : Malay: NOT Malayalam!
{ml} : Malayalam: NOT Malay!
{mt} : Maltese
{mnc} : Manchu
{mdr} : Mandar: NOT Mandarin!
{man} : Mandingo
{mni} : Manipuri: eq Meithei.
[{mno} : Manobo languages]
{gv} : Manx
{mi} : Maori: NOT Mari!
{mr} : Marathi
{chm} : Mari: NOT Maori!
{mh} : Marshall: eq Marshallese.
{mwr} : Marwari
{mas} : Masai
[{myn} : Mayan languages]
{men} : Mende
{mic} : Micmac
{min} : Minangkabau
{i-mingo} : Mingo: eq the Irquoian language West Virginia Seneca. NOT New York Seneca!
[{mis} : Miscellaneous languages]: Don't use this.
{moh} : Mohawk
{mdf} : Moksha
{mo} : Moldavian: eq Moldovan.
[{mkh} : Mon-Khmer (Other)]
{lol} : Mongo
{mn} : Mongolian: eq Mongol.
{mos} : Mossi
[{mul} : Multiple languages]: Not for normal use.
[{mun} : Munda languages]
{nah} : Nahuatl
{nap} : Neapolitan
{na} : Nauru
{nv} : Navajo: eq Navaho. (Formerly ``i-navajo''.)
{nd} : North Ndebele
{nr} : South Ndebele
{ng} : Ndonga
{ne} : Nepali: eq Nepalese. Notable forms: {ne-np} Nepal Nepali; {ne-in} India Nepali.
{new} : Newari
{nia} : Nias
[{nic} : Niger-Kordofanian (Other)]
[{ssa} : Nilo-Saharan (Other)]
{niu} : Niuean
{nog} : Nogai
{non} : Old Norse: (Historical)
[{nai} : North American Indian]: Do not use this.
{no} : Norwegian: Note the two following forms:
{nb} : Norwegian Bokmal: eq Bokma°l, (A form of Norwegian.) (Formerly ``no-bok''.)
{nn} : Norwegian Nynorsk: (A form of Norwegian.) (Formerly ``no-nyn''.)
[{nub} : Nubian languages]
{nym} : Nyamwezi
{nyn} : Nyankole
{nyo} : Nyoro
{nzi} : Nzima
{oc} : Occitan (post 1500): eq Provencal, eq Provencal
{oj} : Ojibwa: eq Ojibwe. (Formerly ``oji''.)
{or} : Oriya
{om} : Oromo
{osa} : Osage
{os} : Ossetian; Ossetic
[{oto} : Otomian languages]: Group of languages collectively called ``Otomi''.
{pal} : Pahlavi: eq Pahlevi
{i-pwn} : Paiwan: eq Pariwan
{pau} : Palauan
{pi} : Pali: (Historical?)
{pam} : Pampanga
{pag} : Pangasinan
{pa} : Panjabi: eq Punjabi
{pap} : Papiamento: eq Papiamentu.
[{paa} : Papuan (Other)]
{fa} : Persian: eq Farsi. eq Iranian.
{peo} : Old Persian (ca.600-400 B.C.)
[{phi} : Philippine (Other)]
{phn} : Phoenician: (Historical)
{pon} : Pohnpeian: NOT Pompeiian!
{pl} : Polish
{pt} : Portuguese: eq Portugese. Notable forms: {pt-pt} Portugal Portuguese; {pt-br} Brazilian Portuguese.
[{pra} : Prakrit languages]
{pro} : Old Provencal (to 1500): eq Old Provencal. (Historical.)
{ps} : Pushto: eq Pashto. eq Pushtu.
{qu} : Quechua: eq Quecha.
{rm} : Raeto-Romance: eq Romansh.
{raj} : Rajasthani
{rap} : Rapanui
{rar} : Rarotongan
[{qaa - qtz} : Reserved for local use.]
[{roa} : Romance (Other)]: NOT Romanian! NOT Romany! NOT Romansh!
{ro} : Romanian: eq Rumanian. NOT Romany!
{rom} : Romany: eq Rom. NOT Romanian!
{rn} : Rundi
{ru} : Russian: NOT White Russian! NOT Rusyn!
[{sal} : Salishan languages]: Large language group.
{sam} : Samaritan Aramaic: NOT Aramaic!
{se} : Northern Sami: eq Lappish. eq Lapp. eq (Northern) Saami.
{sma} : Southern Sami
{smn} : Inari Sami
{smj} : Lule Sami
{sms} : Skolt Sami
[{smi} : Sami languages (Other)]
{sm} : Samoan
{sad} : Sandawe
{sg} : Sango
{sa} : Sanskrit: (Historical)
{sat} : Santali
{sc} : Sardinian: eq Sard.
{sas} : Sasak
{sco} : Scots: NOT Scots Gaelic!
{sel} : Selkup
[{sem} : Semitic (Other)]
{sr} : Serbian: eq Serb. NOT Sorbian.
Notable forms: {sr-Cyrl} : Serbian in Cyrillic script; {sr-Latn} : Serbian in Latin script.
{srr} : Serer
{shn} : Shan
{sn} : Shona
{sid} : Sidamo
{sgn-...} : Sign Languages: Always use with a subtag. Notable forms: {sgn-gb} British Sign Language (BSL); {sgn-ie} Irish Sign Language (ESL); {sgn-ni} Nicaraguan Sign Language (ISN); {sgn-us} American Sign Language (ASL).
(And so on with other country codes as the subtag.)
{bla} : Siksika: eq Blackfoot. eq Pikanii.
{sd} : Sindhi
{si} : Sinhalese: eq Sinhala.
[{sit} : Sino-Tibetan (Other)]
[{sio} : Siouan languages]
{den} : Slave (Athapascan): (``Slavey'' is a subform.)
[{sla} : Slavic (Other)]
{sk} : Slovak: eq Slovakian.
{sl} : Slovenian: eq Slovene.
{sog} : Sogdian
{so} : Somali
{son} : Songhai
{snk} : Soninke
{wen} : Sorbian languages: eq Wendish. eq Sorb. eq Lusatian. eq Wend. NOT Venda! NOT Serbian!
{nso} : Northern Sotho
{st} : Southern Sotho: eq Sutu. eq Sesotho.
[{sai} : South American Indian (Other)]
{es} : Spanish: Notable forms: {es-ar} Argentine Spanish; {es-bo} Bolivian Spanish; {es-cl} Chilean Spanish; {es-co} Colombian Spanish; {es-do} Dominican Spanish; {es-ec} Ecuadorian Spanish; {es-es} Spain Spanish; {es-gt} Guatemalan Spanish; {es-hn} Honduran Spanish; {es-mx} Mexican Spanish; {es-pa} Panamanian Spanish; {es-pe} Peruvian Spanish; {es-pr} Puerto Rican Spanish; {es-py} Paraguay Spanish; {es-sv} Salvadoran Spanish; {es-us} US Spanish; {es-uy} Uruguayan Spanish; {es-ve} Venezuelan Spanish.
{suk} : Sukuma
{sux} : Sumerian: (Historical)
{su} : Sundanese
{sus} : Susu
{sw} : Swahili: eq Kiswahili
{ss} : Swati
{sv} : Swedish: Notable forms: {sv-se} Sweden Swedish; {sv-fi} Finland Swedish.
{syr} : Syriac
{tl} : Tagalog
{ty} : Tahitian
[{tai} : Tai (Other)]: NOT Thai!
{tg} : Tajik
{tmh} : Tamashek
{ta} : Tamil
{i-tao} : Tao: eq Yami.
{tt} : Tatar
{i-tay} : Tayal: eq Atayal. eq Atayan.
{te} : Telugu
{ter} : Tereno
{tet} : Tetum
{th} : Thai: NOT Tai!
{bo} : Tibetan
{tig} : Tigre
{ti} : Tigrinya
{tem} : Timne: eq Themne. eq Timene.
{tiv} : Tiv
{tli} : Tlingit
{tpi} : Tok Pisin
{tkl} : Tokelau
{tog} : Tonga (Nyasa): NOT Tsonga!
{to} : Tonga (Tonga Islands): (Pronounced ``Tong-a'', not ``Tong-ga'')
NOT Tsonga!
{tsi} : Tsimshian: eq Sm'algyax
{ts} : Tsonga: NOT Tonga!
{i-tsu} : Tsou
{tn} : Tswana: Same as Setswana.
{tum} : Tumbuka
[{tup} : Tupi languages]
{tr} : Turkish: (Typically in Roman script)
{ota} : Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928): (Typically in Arabic script) (Historical)
{crh} : Crimean Turkish: eq Crimean Tatar
{tk} : Turkmen: eq Turkmeni.
{tvl} : Tuvalu
{tyv} : Tuvinian: eq Tuvan. eq Tuvin.
{tw} : Twi
{udm} : Udmurt
{uga} : Ugaritic: NOT Ugric!
{ug} : Uighur
{uk} : Ukrainian
{umb} : Umbundu
{und} : Undetermined: Not a tag for normal use.
{ur} : Urdu
{uz} : Uzbek: eq O.zbek
Notable forms: {uz-Cyrl} Uzbek in Cyrillic script; {uz-Latn} Uzbek in Latin script.
{vai} : Vai
{ve} : Venda: NOT Wendish! NOT Wend! NOT Avestan! (Formerly ``ven''.)
{vi} : Vietnamese: eq Viet.
{vo} : Volapuk: eq Volapu.k. (Artificial)
{vot} : Votic: eq Votian. eq Vod.
[{wak} : Wakashan languages]
{wa} : Walloon
{wal} : Walamo: eq Wolaytta.
{war} : Waray: Presumably the Philippine language Waray-Waray (Samaren~o), not the smaller Philippine language Waray Sorsogon, nor the extinct Australian language Waray.
{was} : Washo: eq Washoe
{cy} : Welsh
{wo} : Wolof
{x-...} : Unregistered (Semi-Private Use): ``x-'' is a prefix for language tags that are not registered with ISO or IANA. Example, x-double-dutch
{xh} : Xhosa
{sah} : Yakut
{yao} : Yao: (The Yao in Malawi?)
{yap} : Yapese: eq Yap
{ii} : Sichuan Yi
{yi} : Yiddish: Formerly ``ji''. Usually in Hebrew script.
Notable forms: {yi-latn} Yiddish in Latin script
{yo} : Yoruba
[{ypk} : Yupik languages]: Several ``Eskimo'' languages.
{znd} : Zande
[{zap} : Zapotec]: (A group of languages.)
{zen} : Zenaga: NOT Zend.
{za} : Zhuang
{zu} : Zulu
{zun} : Zuni: eq Zun~i

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AUTHOR

Sean M. Burke, sburke@cpan.org