Just-in-time compiling is a heavyweight optimization that can greatly speed up pattern matching. However, it comes at the cost of extra processing before the match is performed. Therefore, it is of most benefit when the same pattern is going to be matched many times. This does not necessarily mean many calls of a matching function; if the pattern is not anchored, matching attempts may take place many times at various positions in the subject, even for a single call. Therefore, if the subject string is very long, it may still pay to use JIT for one-off matches.
JIT support applies only to the traditional Perl-compatible matching function. It does not apply when the DFA matching function is being used. The code for this support was written by Zoltan Herczeg.
JIT support is available for all of the 8-bit, 16-bit and 32-bit PCRE libraries. To keep this documentation simple, only the 8-bit interface is described in what follows. If you are using the 16-bit library, substitute the 16-bit functions and 16-bit structures (for example, pcre16_jit_stack instead of pcre_jit_stack). If you are using the 32-bit library, substitute the 32-bit functions and 32-bit structures (for example, pcre32_jit_stack instead of pcre_jit_stack).
JIT support is an optional feature of PCRE. The "configure" option --enable-jit (or equivalent CMake option) must be set when PCRE is built if you want to use JIT. The support is limited to the following hardware platforms:
ARM v5, v7, and Thumb2
Intel x86 32-bit and 64-bit
MIPS 32-bit
Power PC 32-bit and 64-bit
SPARC 32-bit (experimental)
If --enable-jit is set on an unsupported platform, compilation fails.
A program that is linked with PCRE 8.20 or later can tell if JIT support is available by calling pcre_config() with the PCRE_CONFIG_JIT option. The result is 1 when JIT is available, and 0 otherwise. However, a simple program does not need to check this in order to use JIT. The normal API is implemented in a way that falls back to the interpretive code if JIT is not available. For programs that need the best possible performance, there is also a "fast path" API that is JIT-specific.
If your program may sometimes be linked with versions of PCRE that are older than 8.20, but you want to use JIT when it is available, you can test the values of PCRE_MAJOR and PCRE_MINOR, or the existence of a JIT macro such as PCRE_CONFIG_JIT, for compile-time control of your code. Also beware that the pcre_jit_exec() function was not available at all before 8.32, and may not be available at all if PCRE isn't compiled with --enable-jit. See the "JIT FAST PATH API" section below for details.
You have to do two things to make use of the JIT support in the simplest way:
(1) Call pcre_study() with the PCRE_STUDY_JIT_COMPILE option for
each compiled pattern, and pass the resulting pcre_extra block to
pcre_exec().
(2) Use pcre_free_study() to free the pcre_extra block when it is
no longer needed, instead of just freeing it yourself. This ensures that
any JIT data is also freed.
For a program that may be linked with pre-8.20 versions of PCRE, you can insert
#ifndef PCRE_STUDY_JIT_COMPILE
#define PCRE_STUDY_JIT_COMPILE 0
#endif
so that no option is passed to pcre_study(), and then use something like this to free the study data:
#ifdef PCRE_CONFIG_JIT
pcre_free_study(study_ptr);
#else
pcre_free(study_ptr);
#endif
PCRE_STUDY_JIT_COMPILE requests the JIT compiler to generate code for complete matches. If you want to run partial matches using the PCRE_PARTIAL_HARD or PCRE_PARTIAL_SOFT options of pcre_exec(), you should set one or both of the following options in addition to, or instead of, PCRE_STUDY_JIT_COMPILE when you call pcre_study():
PCRE_STUDY_JIT_PARTIAL_HARD_COMPILE
PCRE_STUDY_JIT_PARTIAL_SOFT_COMPILE
If using pcre_jit_exec() and supporting a pre-8.32 version of PCRE, you can insert:
#if PCRE_MAJOR >= 8 && PCRE_MINOR >= 32
pcre_jit_exec(...);
#else
pcre_exec(...)
#endif
but as described in the "JIT FAST PATH API" section below this assumes version 8.32 and later are compiled with --enable-jit, which may break.
The JIT compiler generates different optimized code for each of the three modes (normal, soft partial, hard partial). When pcre_exec() is called, the appropriate code is run if it is available. Otherwise, the pattern is matched using interpretive code.
In some circumstances you may need to call additional functions. These are described in the section entitled "Controlling the JIT stack" below.
If JIT support is not available, PCRE_STUDY_JIT_COMPILE etc. are ignored, and no JIT data is created. Otherwise, the compiled pattern is passed to the JIT compiler, which turns it into machine code that executes much faster than the normal interpretive code. When pcre_exec() is passed a pcre_extra block containing a pointer to JIT code of the appropriate mode (normal or hard/soft partial), it obeys that code instead of running the interpreter. The result is identical, but the compiled JIT code runs much faster.
There are some pcre_exec() options that are not supported for JIT execution. There are also some pattern items that JIT cannot handle. Details are given below. In both cases, execution automatically falls back to the interpretive code. If you want to know whether JIT was actually used for a particular match, you should arrange for a JIT callback function to be set up as described in the section entitled "Controlling the JIT stack" below, even if you do not need to supply a non-default JIT stack. Such a callback function is called whenever JIT code is about to be obeyed. If the execution options are not right for JIT execution, the callback function is not obeyed.
If the JIT compiler finds an unsupported item, no JIT data is generated. You can find out if JIT execution is available after studying a pattern by calling pcre_fullinfo() with the PCRE_INFO_JIT option. A result of 1 means that JIT compilation was successful. A result of 0 means that JIT support is not available, or the pattern was not studied with PCRE_STUDY_JIT_COMPILE etc., or the JIT compiler was not able to handle the pattern.
Once a pattern has been studied, with or without JIT, it can be used as many times as you like for matching different subject strings.
The only pcre_exec() options that are supported for JIT execution are PCRE_NO_UTF8_CHECK, PCRE_NO_UTF16_CHECK, PCRE_NO_UTF32_CHECK, PCRE_NOTBOL, PCRE_NOTEOL, PCRE_NOTEMPTY, PCRE_NOTEMPTY_ATSTART, PCRE_PARTIAL_HARD, and PCRE_PARTIAL_SOFT.
The only unsupported pattern items are \C (match a single data unit) when running in a UTF mode, and a callout immediately before an assertion condition in a conditional group.
When a pattern is matched using JIT execution, the return values are the same as those given by the interpretive pcre_exec() code, with the addition of one new error code: PCRE_ERROR_JIT_STACKLIMIT. This means that the memory used for the JIT stack was insufficient. See "Controlling the JIT stack" below for a discussion of JIT stack usage. For compatibility with the interpretive pcre_exec() code, no more than two-thirds of the ovector argument is used for passing back captured substrings.
The error code PCRE_ERROR_MATCHLIMIT is returned by the JIT code if searching a very large pattern tree goes on for too long, as it is in the same circumstance when JIT is not used, but the details of exactly what is counted are not the same. The PCRE_ERROR_RECURSIONLIMIT error code is never returned by JIT execution.
The code that is generated by the JIT compiler is architecture-specific, and is also position dependent. For those reasons it cannot be saved (in a file or database) and restored later like the bytecode and other data of a compiled pattern. Saving and restoring compiled patterns is not something many people do. More detail about this facility is given in the pcreprecompile documentation. It should be possible to run pcre_study() on a saved and restored pattern, and thereby recreate the JIT data, but because JIT compilation uses significant resources, it is probably not worth doing this; you might as well recompile the original pattern.
When the compiled JIT code runs, it needs a block of memory to use as a stack. By default, it uses 32K on the machine stack. However, some large or complicated patterns need more than this. The error PCRE_ERROR_JIT_STACKLIMIT is given when there is not enough stack. Three functions are provided for managing blocks of memory for use as JIT stacks. There is further discussion about the use of JIT stacks in the section entitled "JIT stack FAQ" below.
The pcre_jit_stack_alloc() function creates a JIT stack. Its arguments are a starting size and a maximum size, and it returns a pointer to an opaque structure of type pcre_jit_stack, or NULL if there is an error. The pcre_jit_stack_free() function can be used to free a stack that is no longer needed. (For the technically minded: the address space is allocated by mmap or VirtualAlloc.)
JIT uses far less memory for recursion than the interpretive code, and a maximum stack size of 512K to 1M should be more than enough for any pattern.
The pcre_assign_jit_stack() function specifies which stack JIT code should use. Its arguments are as follows:
pcre_extra *extra
pcre_jit_callback callback
void *data
The extra argument must be the result of studying a pattern with PCRE_STUDY_JIT_COMPILE etc. There are three cases for the values of the other two options:
(1) If callback is NULL and data is NULL, an internal 32K block
on the machine stack is used.
(2) If callback is NULL and data is not NULL, data must be
a valid JIT stack, the result of calling pcre_jit_stack_alloc().
(3) If callback is not NULL, it must point to a function that is
called with data as an argument at the start of matching, in
order to set up a JIT stack. If the return from the callback
function is NULL, the internal 32K stack is used; otherwise the
return value must be a valid JIT stack, the result of calling
pcre_jit_stack_alloc().
A callback function is obeyed whenever JIT code is about to be run; it is not obeyed when pcre_exec() is called with options that are incompatible for JIT execution. A callback function can therefore be used to determine whether a match operation was executed by JIT or by the interpreter.
You may safely use the same JIT stack for more than one pattern (either by assigning directly or by callback), as long as the patterns are all matched sequentially in the same thread. In a multithread application, if you do not specify a JIT stack, or if you assign or pass back NULL from a callback, that is thread-safe, because each thread has its own machine stack. However, if you assign or pass back a non-NULL JIT stack, this must be a different stack for each thread so that the application is thread-safe.
Strictly speaking, even more is allowed. You can assign the same non-NULL stack to any number of patterns as long as they are not used for matching by multiple threads at the same time. For example, you can assign the same stack to all compiled patterns, and use a global mutex in the callback to wait until the stack is available for use. However, this is an inefficient solution, and not recommended.
This is a suggestion for how a multithreaded program that needs to set up non-default JIT stacks might operate:
During thread initalization
thread_local_var = pcre_jit_stack_alloc(...)
During thread exit
pcre_jit_stack_free(thread_local_var)
Use a one-line callback function
return thread_local_var
All the functions described in this section do nothing if JIT is not available, and pcre_assign_jit_stack() does nothing unless the extra argument is non-NULL and points to a pcre_extra block that is the result of a successful study with PCRE_STUDY_JIT_COMPILE etc.
(1) Why do we need JIT stacks?
PCRE (and JIT) is a recursive, depth-first engine, so it needs a stack where the local data of the current node is pushed before checking its child nodes. Allocating real machine stack on some platforms is difficult. For example, the stack chain needs to be updated every time if we extend the stack on PowerPC. Although it is possible, its updating time overhead decreases performance. So we do the recursion in memory.
(2) Why don't we simply allocate blocks of memory with malloc()?
Modern operating systems have a nice feature: they can reserve an address space instead of allocating memory. We can safely allocate memory pages inside this address space, so the stack could grow without moving memory data (this is important because of pointers). Thus we can allocate 1M address space, and use only a single memory page (usually 4K) if that is enough. However, we can still grow up to 1M anytime if needed.
(3) Who "owns" a JIT stack?
The owner of the stack is the user program, not the JIT studied pattern or anything else. The user program must ensure that if a stack is used by pcre_exec(), (that is, it is assigned to the pattern currently running), that stack must not be used by any other threads (to avoid overwriting the same memory area). The best practice for multithreaded programs is to allocate a stack for each thread, and return this stack through the JIT callback function.
(4) When should a JIT stack be freed?
You can free a JIT stack at any time, as long as it will not be used by pcre_exec() again. When you assign the stack to a pattern, only a pointer is set. There is no reference counting or any other magic. You can free the patterns and stacks in any order, anytime. Just do not call pcre_exec() with a pattern pointing to an already freed stack, as that will cause SEGFAULT. (Also, do not free a stack currently used by pcre_exec() in another thread). You can also replace the stack for a pattern at any time. You can even free the previous stack before assigning a replacement.
(5) Should I allocate/free a stack every time before/after calling pcre_exec()?
No, because this is too costly in terms of resources. However, you could implement some clever idea which release the stack if it is not used in let's say two minutes. The JIT callback can help to achieve this without keeping a list of the currently JIT studied patterns.
(6) OK, the stack is for long term memory allocation. But what happens if a pattern causes stack overflow with a stack of 1M? Is that 1M kept until the stack is freed?
Especially on embedded sytems, it might be a good idea to release memory sometimes without freeing the stack. There is no API for this at the moment. Probably a function call which returns with the currently allocated memory for any stack and another which allows releasing memory (shrinking the stack) would be a good idea if someone needs this.
(7) This is too much of a headache. Isn't there any better solution for JIT stack handling?
No, thanks to Windows. If POSIX threads were used everywhere, we could throw out this complicated API.
This is a single-threaded example that specifies a JIT stack without using a callback.
int rc;
int ovector[30];
pcre *re;
pcre_extra *extra;
pcre_jit_stack *jit_stack;
re = pcre_compile(pattern, 0, &error, &erroffset, NULL);
/* Check for errors */
extra = pcre_study(re, PCRE_STUDY_JIT_COMPILE, &error);
jit_stack = pcre_jit_stack_alloc(32*1024, 512*1024);
/* Check for error (NULL) */
pcre_assign_jit_stack(extra, NULL, jit_stack);
rc = pcre_exec(re, extra, subject, length, 0, 0, ovector, 30);
/* Check results */
pcre_free(re);
pcre_free_study(extra);
pcre_jit_stack_free(jit_stack);
Because the API described above falls back to interpreted execution when JIT is not available, it is convenient for programs that are written for general use in many environments. However, calling JIT via pcre_exec() does have a performance impact. Programs that are written for use where JIT is known to be available, and which need the best possible performance, can instead use a "fast path" API to call JIT execution directly instead of calling pcre_exec() (obviously only for patterns that have been successfully studied by JIT).
The fast path function is called pcre_jit_exec(), and it takes exactly the same arguments as pcre_exec(), plus one additional argument that must point to a JIT stack. The JIT stack arrangements described above do not apply. The return values are the same as for pcre_exec().
When you call pcre_exec(), as well as testing for invalid options, a number of other sanity checks are performed on the arguments. For example, if the subject pointer is NULL, or its length is negative, an immediate error is given. Also, unless PCRE_NO_UTF[8|16|32] is set, a UTF subject string is tested for validity. In the interests of speed, these checks do not happen on the JIT fast path, and if invalid data is passed, the result is undefined.
Bypassing the sanity checks and the pcre_exec() wrapping can give speedups of more than 10%.
Note that the pcre_jit_exec() function is not available in versions of PCRE before 8.32 (released in November 2012). If you need to support versions that old you must either use the slower pcre_exec(), or switch between the two codepaths by checking the values of PCRE_MAJOR and PCRE_MINOR.
Due to an unfortunate implementation oversight, even in versions 8.32 and later there will be no pcre_jit_exec() stub function defined when PCRE is compiled with --disable-jit, which is the default, and there's no way to detect whether PCRE was compiled with --enable-jit via a macro.
If you need to support versions older than 8.32, or versions that may not build with --enable-jit, you must either use the slower pcre_exec(), or switch between the two codepaths by checking the values of PCRE_MAJOR and PCRE_MINOR.
Switching between the two by checking the version assumes that all the versions being targeted are built with --enable-jit. To also support builds that may use --disable-jit either pcre_exec() must be used, or a compile-time check for JIT via pcre_config() (which assumes the runtime environment will be the same), or as the Git project decided to do, simply assume that pcre_jit_exec() is present in 8.32 or later unless a compile-time flag is provided, see the "grep: un-break building with PCRE >= 8.32 without --enable-jit" commit in git.git for an example of that.
pcreapi(3)
Philip Hazel (FAQ by Zoltan Herczeg) University Computing Service Cambridge CB2 3QH, England.
Last updated: 05 July 2017 Copyright (c) 1997-2017 University of Cambridge.