use threads;
use threads::shared;
my $var :shared;
my %hsh :shared;
my @ary :shared;
my ($scalar, @array, %hash);
share($scalar);
share(@array);
share(%hash);
$var = $scalar_value;
$var = $shared_ref_value;
$var = shared_clone($non_shared_ref_value);
$var = shared_clone({'foo' => [qw/foo bar baz/]});
$hsh{'foo'} = $scalar_value;
$hsh{'bar'} = $shared_ref_value;
$hsh{'baz'} = shared_clone($non_shared_ref_value);
$hsh{'quz'} = shared_clone([1..3]);
$ary[0] = $scalar_value;
$ary[1] = $shared_ref_value;
$ary[2] = shared_clone($non_shared_ref_value);
$ary[3] = shared_clone([ {}, [] ]);
{ lock(%hash); ... }
cond_wait($scalar);
cond_timedwait($scalar, time() + 30);
cond_broadcast(@array);
cond_signal(%hash);
my $lockvar :shared;
# condition var != lock var
cond_wait($var, $lockvar);
cond_timedwait($var, time()+30, $lockvar);
This module supports the sharing of the following data types only: scalars and scalar refs, arrays and array refs, and hashes and hash refs.
Note that if this module is imported when threads has not yet been loaded, then these functions all become no-ops. This makes it possible to write modules that will work in both threaded and non-threaded environments.
my ($scalar, @array, %hash); share($scalar); share(@array); share(%hash);
"share" will return the shared rvalue, but always as a reference.
Variables can also be marked as shared at compile time by using the ":shared" attribute:
my ($var, %hash, @array) :shared;
Shared variables can only store scalars, refs of shared variables, or refs of shared data (discussed in next section):
my ($var, %hash, @array) :shared;
my $bork;
# Storing scalars
$var = 1;
$hash{'foo'} = 'bar';
$array[0] = 1.5;
# Storing shared refs
$var = \%hash;
$hash{'ary'} = \@array;
$array[1] = \$var;
# The following are errors:
# $var = \$bork; # ref of non-shared variable
# $hash{'bork'} = []; # non-shared array ref
# push(@array, { 'x' => 1 }); # non-shared hash ref
my $cpy = shared_clone({'foo' => [qw/foo bar baz/]});
Object status (i.e., the class an object is blessed into) is also cloned.
my $obj = {'foo' => [qw/foo bar baz/]};
bless($obj, 'Foo');
my $cpy = shared_clone($obj);
print(ref($cpy), "\n"); # Outputs 'Foo'
For cloning empty array or hash refs, the following may also be used:
$var = &share([]); # Same as $var = shared_clone([]);
$var = &share({}); # Same as $var = shared_clone({});
Not all Perl data types can be cloned (e.g., globs, code refs). By default, "shared_clone" will croak if it encounters such items. To change this behaviour to a warning, then set the following:
$threads::shared::clone_warn = 1;
In this case, "undef" will be substituted for the item to be cloned. If set to zero:
$threads::shared::clone_warn = 0;
then the "undef" substitution will be performed silently.
if (is_shared($var)) {
print("\$var is shared\n");
} else {
print("\$var is not shared\n");
}
When used on an element of an array or hash, "is_shared" checks if the specified element belongs to a shared array or hash. (It does not check the contents of that element.)
my %hash :shared;
if (is_shared(%hash)) {
print("\%hash is shared\n");
}
$hash{'elem'} = 1;
if (is_shared($hash{'elem'})) {
print("\$hash{'elem'} is in a shared hash\n");
}
"lock" follows references exactly one level:
my %hash :shared; my $ref = \%hash; lock($ref); # This is equivalent to lock(%hash)
Note that you cannot explicitly unlock a variable; you can only wait for the lock to go out of scope. This is most easily accomplished by locking the variable inside a block.
my $var :shared;
{
lock($var);
# $var is locked from here to the end of the block
...
}
# $var is now unlocked
As locks are advisory, they do not prevent data access or modification by another thread that does not itself attempt to obtain a lock on the variable.
You cannot lock the individual elements of a container variable:
my %hash :shared;
$hash{'foo'} = 'bar';
#lock($hash{'foo'}); # Error
lock(%hash); # Works
If you need more fine-grained control over shared variable access, see Thread::Semaphore.
In its second form, "cond_wait" takes a shared, unlocked variable followed by a shared, locked variable. The second variable is unlocked and thread execution suspended until another thread signals the first variable.
It is important to note that the variable can be notified even if no thread "cond_signal" or "cond_broadcast" on the variable. It is therefore important to check the value of the variable and go back to waiting if the requirement is not fulfilled. For example, to pause until a shared counter drops to zero:
{ lock($counter); cond_wait($counter) until $counter == 0; }
Like "cond_wait", this function may take a shared, locked variable as an additional parameter; in this case the first parameter is an unlocked condition variable protected by a distinct lock variable.
Again like "cond_wait", waking up and reacquiring the lock are not atomic, and you should always check your desired condition after this function returns. Since the timeout is an absolute value, however, it does not have to be recalculated with each pass:
lock($var);
my $abs = time() + 15;
until ($ok = desired_condition($var)) {
last if !cond_timedwait($var, $abs);
}
# we got it if $ok, otherwise we timed out!
If there are no threads blocked in a "cond_wait" on the variable, the signal is discarded. By always locking before signaling, you can (with care), avoid signaling before another thread has entered cond_wait().
"cond_signal" will normally generate a warning if you attempt to use it on an unlocked variable. On the rare occasions where doing this may be sensible, you can suppress the warning with:
{ no warnings 'threads'; cond_signal($foo); }
# Create a shared 'Foo' object
my $foo :shared = shared_clone({});
bless($foo, 'Foo');
# Create a shared 'Bar' object
my $bar :shared = shared_clone({});
bless($bar, 'Bar');
# Put 'bar' inside 'foo'
$foo->{'bar'} = $bar;
# Rebless the objects via a thread
threads->create(sub {
# Rebless the outer object
bless($foo, 'Yin');
# Cannot directly rebless the inner object
#bless($foo->{'bar'}, 'Yang');
# Retrieve and rebless the inner object
my $obj = $foo->{'bar'};
bless($obj, 'Yang');
$foo->{'bar'} = $obj;
})->join();
print(ref($foo), "\n"); # Prints 'Yin'
print(ref($foo->{'bar'}), "\n"); # Prints 'Yang'
print(ref($bar), "\n"); # Also prints 'Yang'
If you want access to threads, you must "use threads" before you "use threads::shared". threads will emit a warning if you use it after threads::shared.
my @arr = qw(foo bar baz);
share(@arr);
# @arr is now empty (i.e., == ());
# Create a 'foo' object
my $foo = { 'data' => 99 };
bless($foo, 'foo');
# Share the object
share($foo); # Contents are now wiped out
print("ERROR: \$foo is empty\n")
if (! exists($foo->{'data'}));
Therefore, populate such variables after declaring them as shared. (Scalar and scalar refs are not affected by this problem.)
Blessing a shared item after it has been nested in another shared item does not propagate the blessing to the shared reference:
my $foo = &share({});
my $bar = &share({});
$bar->{foo} = $foo;
bless($foo, 'baz'); # $foo is now of class 'baz',
# but $bar->{foo} is unblessed.
Therefore, you should bless objects before sharing them.
It is often not wise to share an object unless the class itself has been written to support sharing. For example, a shared object's destructor may get called multiple times, once for each thread's scope exit, or may not get called at all if it is embedded inside another shared object. Another issue is that the contents of hash-based objects will be lost due to the above mentioned limitation. See examples/class.pl (in the CPAN distribution of this module) for how to create a class that supports object sharing.
Destructors may not be called on objects if those objects still exist at global destruction time. If the destructors must be called, make sure there are no circular references and that nothing is referencing the objects before the program ends.
Does not support "splice" on arrays. Does not support explicitly changing array lengths via $#array --- use "push" and "pop" instead.
Taking references to the elements of shared arrays and hashes does not autovivify the elements, and neither does slicing a shared array/hash over non-existent indices/keys autovivify the elements.
"share()" allows you to "share($hashref->{key})" and "share($arrayref->[idx])" without giving any error message. But the "$hashref->{key}" or "$arrayref->[idx]" is not shared, causing the error ``lock can only be used on shared values'' to occur when you attempt to "lock($hashref->{key})" or "lock($arrayref->[idx])" in another thread.
Using "refaddr()" is unreliable for testing whether or not two shared references are equivalent (e.g., when testing for circular references). Use is_shared(), instead:
use threads;
use threads::shared;
use Scalar::Util qw(refaddr);
# If ref is shared, use threads::shared's internal ID.
# Otherwise, use refaddr().
my $addr1 = is_shared($ref1) || refaddr($ref1);
my $addr2 = is_shared($ref2) || refaddr($ref2);
if ($addr1 == $addr2) {
# The refs are equivalent
}
each() does not work properly on shared references embedded in shared structures. For example:
my %foo :shared;
$foo{'bar'} = shared_clone({'a'=>'x', 'b'=>'y', 'c'=>'z'});
while (my ($key, $val) = each(%{$foo{'bar'}})) {
...
}
Either of the following will work instead:
my $ref = $foo{'bar'};
while (my ($key, $val) = each(%{$ref})) {
...
}
foreach my $key (keys(%{$foo{'bar'}})) {
my $val = $foo{'bar'}{$key};
...
}
This module supports dual-valued variables created using "dualvar()" from Scalar::Util. However, while $! acts like a dualvar, it is implemented as a tied SV. To propagate its value, use the follow construct, if needed:
my $errno :shared = dualvar($!,$!);
View existing bug reports at, and submit any new bugs, problems, patches, etc. to: <http://rt.cpan.org/Public/Dist/Display.html?Name=threads-shared>
Code repository for CPAN distribution: <https://github.com/Dual-Life/threads-shared>
threads, perlthrtut
<http://www.perl.com/pub/a/2002/06/11/threads.html> and <http://www.perl.com/pub/a/2002/09/04/threads.html>
Perl threads mailing list: <http://lists.perl.org/list/ithreads.html>
Sample code in the examples directory of this distribution on CPAN.
Documentation borrowed from the old Thread.pm.
CPAN version produced by Jerry D. Hedden <jdhedden AT cpan DOT org>.