use SDLx::Controller; # create our controller object my $app = SDLx::Controller->new; # we could also do: my $app = SDLx::App->new; # because App is also a controller # register some callbacks $app->add_event_handler( \&on_event ); $app->add_move_handler( \&on_move ); $app->add_show_handler( \&on_show ); # run our game loop $app->run;
while (1) {
...
}
The problem most developers face, besides the repetitive work, is to ensure the screen update is independent of the frame rate. Otherwise, your game will run at different speeds on different machines and this is never good (old MS-DOS games, anyone?).
One way to circumvent this is by capping the frame rate so it's the same no matter what, but this is not the right way to do it as it penalizes better hardware.
This module provides an industry-proven standard for frame independent movement. It calls the movement handlers based on time (hi-res seconds) rather than frame rate. You can add/remove handlers and control your main loop with ease.
SDLx::Controller->new(
dt => 0.5,
min_t => 0,
event => $event_object,
);
The "dt" parameter specifies the length, in seconds, of a full movement step, and defaults to 0.1. The "dt" can be anything and the game can still look the same. It is only when you change the "dt" without changing all the things in the movement step that are being multiplied by the first move argument that it will make a difference. If you lower the "dt", everything will move faster than it did with it set higher, and vice-versa. This is useful to add slo-mo and fast-forward features to the game, all you would have to do is change the "dt".
"min_t" specifies the minimum time, in seconds, that has to accumulate before any move or show handlers are called, and defaults to 1 / 60. Having the "min_t" at 1 / 60 ensures that the controller can update the screen at a maximum of 60 times per second. A ``V-Sync'' such as this is necessary to prevent video ``tear'', which occurs when the app is updating faster than the monitor can display. Setting it to 0, as seen above, will let the app run as fast as it possibly can.
"delay" specifies a loop delay in millisecs to place on the controller loop. NOTE: Picking a good delay based on the needs can help reduce CPU load and pressure.
"event" is a SDL::Event object that events going to the event callbacks are polled in to. It defaults to "SDL::Event->new()".
All parameters are optional.
All hooked functions will be called during the main loop, in this order:
Please refer to each handler below for information on received arguments. Note that the second argument every callback receives is the "SDLx::Controller" object.
Takes 1 argument which is a callback. The application waits for the next event with "wait_event". When one is received, it is passed to the callback as the first argument, along with the "SDLx::Controller" object as the second argument. If the callback then returns a true value, "pause" will return. If the callback returns a false value, "pause" will repeat the process.
This can be used to easily implement a pause when the app loses focus:
sub window {
my ($e, $app) = @_;
if($e->type == SDL_QUIT) {
$app->stop;
# quit handling is here so that the app
# can be stopped while paused
}
elsif($e->type == SDL_ACTIVEEVENT) {
if($e->active_state & SDL_APPINPUTFOCUS) {
if($e->active_gain) {
return 1;
}
else {
$app->pause(\&window);
# recursive, but only once since the window
# can't lose focus again without gaining it first
}
}
}
return 0;
}
Note: if you implement your own pause function, remember to update "current_time" to the current time when the application unpauses. This should be done with "Time::HiRes::time". Otherwise, time will accumulate while the application is paused, and many movement steps will be called all at once when it unpauses.
Note 2: a pause will be potentially dangerous to the "run" cycle (even if you implement your own) unless called by an "event" callback.
sub pause {
# press P to toggle pause
my ($e, $app) = @_;
if($e->type == SDL_QUIT) {
$app->stop;
# quit handling is here so that the app
# can be stopped while paused
}
elsif($e->type == SDL_KEYDOWN) {
if($e->key_sym == SDLK_p) {
# We're paused, so end pause
return 1 if $app->paused;
# We're not paused, so pause
$app->pause(\&pause);
}
}
return 0;
}
The first argument passed to registered callbacks is the SDL::Event object. The second is the "SDLx::Controller" object.
sub stop {
my ($event, $app) = @_;
if($event->type == SDL_QUIT) {
$app->stop;
}
}
$app->add_event_handler(\&stop);
All registered callbacks will be triggered in order for as many "dt" as have happened between calls, and once more for any remaining time less than "dt". The first argument passed to the callbacks is the portion of the step, which will be 1 for a full step, and less than 1 for a partial step. Movement values should be multiplied by this value. The full steps correspond to the amount of "dt" passed between calls, and the partial step corresponds to the call with the remaining time less than "dt". The argument can be 0 if no time has passed since the last cycle. If you need to protect against this, set a "min_t", or put a "return unless $_[0]" at the start of every move handler.
The second argument passed to the callbacks is the "SDLx::Controller" object. The third is the total amount of time passed since the call of "run".
You should use these handlers to update your in-game objects, check collisions, etc. so you can check and/or update it as necessary.
sub move_ball {
my ($step, $app, $t) = @_;
$ball->move_x( $ball->x_vel * $step );
$ball->move_y( $ball->y_vel * $step );
}
The first argument passed is the time, in seconds, since the previous call. The second is the "SDLx::Controller" object.
sub show_ball {
my ($delta, $app) = @_;
$app->draw_rect(
[ $ball->x, $ball->y, $ball->size, $ball->size ],
$ball->colour
);
}
You can also pass a coderef. The first coderef in the handler list that this matches will be removed.
Returns the corresponding value.